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History of Theology · Thread 1

Doctrine of the Trinity

The question arises 7 items Dispute 15 items Ruling 13 items Aftermath 1 items
The question this thread answers Is God one or three? Is the Son God? Is the Spirit God?
318 – 381 36 nodes Settled by council ↕ Main timeline
1The question arises
✦
Ruling
268
安提阿主教会议谴责撒摩撒他的保罗
Adoptionism was declared a heresy. This ruling is the legal premise of the dispute of 318.
撒
Counterclaim
fl. 260 – 272
撒摩撒他的保罗
The representative of adoptionism. His condemnation was the legal premise of the Arian controversy sixty years later.
撒
Counterclaim
fl. 220
撒伯流
The spark of the controversy was a reaction against modalism — what Arius first charged was that the bishop came too close to Sabellianism.
俄
Carries on
c.185 – c.254
俄利根
Both sides of the controversy drew on him — because he spoke of the Logos in two ways, and the two stood side by side.
安
Carries on
fl. 300 · d. 312
安提阿的卢奇安
The teacher of both Arius and Eusebius of Nicomedia; the source of the Antiochene line.
特
Carries on
c.155 – c.220
特土良
Long before, he had forged in Latin the formula one substance, three persons — about a century and a half later the Synod of Alexandria of 362 in effect came back round to it.
居
Carries on
c.200 – c.258
居普良
He pictured synods of bishops governing the church; what he did not foresee was that what came instead was the coercive power of the emperor.
2Dispute
✦
Raises
318
亚历山大城街头骚动
The starting point of the controversy — and it began in the streets, not in the study.
亚
Counterclaim
fl. 311 · d. 336
亚流
His challenge brought the church to a crossroads — Olson says Christian theology has no question more important than this one.
✦
Counterclaim
320
亚流流放中的信仰告白
A first-hand document left by the losing side — given in his own words.
✦
Claim
c.320
亚历山大《罢黜亚流》传阅信
The rebuttal in this letter became the main weapon of the orthodox side from then on.
✦
Ruling
318
亚历山大城主教会议
The first formal ruling on this thread, but only a temporary confirmation.
亚
Claim
fl. 318 · d. 328
亚历山大(亚历山大城主教)
His argument — that if the Father was not always Father, this contradicts God's unchangeableness — became the main weapon of the orthodox side from then on.
尼
Counterclaim
fl. 320 – 341
尼哥米底亚的优西比乌
Arius' fellow student and protector; at Nicaea he spoke for Arius. He signed the creed but not the anathemas, and a few months later was exiled all the same.
尼
Counterclaim
fl. 318
尼西亚的狄奥格尼斯
He signed the Nicene Creed but not the anathemas, and a few months later was exiled all the same. The bishop of the very city that hosted the council was himself an Arian.
亚
Claim
c.298 – 373
亚他那修
After Nicaea, one man against the whole world; of his three lines of argument, salvation is the one that matters most.
康
Counterclaim
fl. 337 · d. 362
康士坦丢
He wanted peace, and for him the way to peace was uniformity — so he pressed to replace homoousios, set by his father, with homoios (like).
朱
Carries on
fl. 361 · d. 363
朱利安
The open enemy is not always the most dangerous — Athanasius thought him less of a threat than the emperors who made vague compromises.
欧
Counterclaim
fl. 360
欧诺米
A champion of radical Arianism; the common opponent of Basil and the two Gregories.
华
Carries on
fl. 364
华伦斯
One of the few emperors on this thread to take back his own order: after exiling Athanasius once, he regretted it.
✦
Counterclaim
332 – 337
亚流复位令与亚他那修首次放逐
The point at issue had not changed; what changed was the emperor's position — Athanasius refused to obey and was exiled to Trier.
✦
Aftermath
336
亚流之死
He died the day before the ceremony that was to celebrate his own restoration. On the cause of death Olson offers only a speculation, and we make no claim.
3Ruling
何
Carries on
fl. 318
何修
The emperor's intervention began with a word from him; homoousios, too, was very likely his suggestion to the emperor.
君
Carries on
fl. 312 · d. 337
君士坦丁
He called the council, proposed homoousios, and punished Arius with anathema — the first time ever that a secular ruler condemned someone over doctrine.
该
Carries on
fl. 314 · d. 339
该撒利亚的优西比乌
He wrote the account of the Council of Nicaea, but the actual details and full testimony are missing from it.
✦
Ruling
325
尼西亚第一次公会议
Homoousios enters the creed. But it also opened the door to Sabellianism, and so the controversy ran on for more than fifty years.
安
Claim
fl. 325
安居拉的马塞勒斯
⭐ One of the chief champions of of one substance, yet himself a hidden Sabellian — a ruling is not the same as a problem solved.
✦
Ruling
362
亚历山大主教会议 ——「一本质三位格」的诞生
⭐ One essence, three persons is born here, with both sides condemned at once — Semi-Arians and Sabellians rejected together.
玛
Carries on
fl. 340
玛克利娜
The most philosophically gifted of the three Cappadocian Fathers owed his learning to the teaching he received at home from her and their elder brother.
巴
Claim
c.330 – c.379
巴西尔
The theologian of the Holy Spirit — On the Holy Spirit was the first complete treatise on the person of the Spirit, and it led directly to the third article of 381.
纳
Claim
c.329 – c.391
纳西盎的格列高利
⭐ He explained hypostasis as relation — and this step broke the dilemma of either substance or act.
尼
Claim
c.340 – c.393
尼撒的格列高利
In all their works, the three persons of the Godhead act together — this principle held off tritheism.
亚
Counterclaim
fl. 380
亚拉皮氏
His objections were recorded in full by Gregory — the classic precedent for letting two views stand side by side.
狄
Carries on
fl. 379
狄奥多西
He called the council of 381, and declared orthodox catholic Christianity the only official religion of the empire.
✦
Ruling
381
君士坦丁堡第一次公会议
The article on the Holy Spirit is added, and the doctrine of the Trinity is brought to a close.
4Aftermath
✦
Aftermath
c.850 – 1054
「和子」句之争
⭐⭐ The long aftermath of this thread: the East held that the filioque implied a subordination of the Spirit and robbed the Spirit of his personhood. ⚠ But the difference was one preposition — the East agreed that one may say the Spirit proceeds from the Father, through the Son.