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耶稣的比喻 · 单元七 · 神与祷告

寡妇与不义的法官

路 18:1-8 · 读 15 分钟,想和写 15 分钟

扬·吕肯

一座有柱子和帷幔的厅堂。一个人坐在高起来的圆台上,头上扎着带子,手里握着一根长杖。他身边一张桌子,桌上摊着纸和书卷,几个人围在桌旁,左边站着一个戴头盔、拿长矛的兵。台前站着一个蒙着头巾、赤着脚的妇人,一只手抬到脸边,另一只手张开,伸向坐着的那个人。远处是一座城,街上有人在走。你看,这屋子里的人,有谁在听她说话?

扬·吕肯(Jan Luyken),《被一个控诉的妇人纠缠的法官的比喻》(Gelijkenis van de rechter die wordt lastiggevallen door een klagende vrouw),1712 年,蚀刻版画,荷兰阿姆斯特丹国立博物馆藏。公有领域。 Wikimedia Commons

一起读路 18:1-8

(17:20–37)法利赛人问神的国几时来到;耶稣对门徒讲人子降临的日子:「日子将到,你们巴不得看见人子的一个日子,却不得看见」(路 17:22)。

1耶稣设一个比喻,是要人常常祷告,不可灰心,

2说:“某城里有一个官,不惧怕神,也不尊重世人。

3那城里有个寡妇,常到他那里,说:‘我有一个对头,求你给我伸冤。’

4他多日不准,后来心里说:‘我虽不惧怕神,也不尊重世人,

5只因这寡妇烦扰我,我就给她伸冤吧,免得她常来缠磨我。’”

6主说:“你们听这不义之官所说的话。

7神的选民昼夜呼吁他,他纵然为他们忍了多时,岂不终久给他们伸冤吗?

8我告诉你们,要快快地给他们伸冤了。然而人子来的时候,遇得见世上有信德吗?”

当时现场

为什么讲这个比喻。 路加先把用意写在前头:「是要人常常祷告,不可灰心」(1 节)。马亨利说,这个比喻的钥匙就挂在门口。

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V,路 18:1-8。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

This parable has its key hanging at the door; the drift and design of it are prefixed.

前面一章,耶稣刚对门徒讲完人子降临的日子:「日子将到,你们巴不得看见人子的一个日子,却不得看见」(路 17:22)。克拉克说,患难和荒凉就要临到那地,门徒需要许多忍耐、不断的刚强,所以要恒切祷告;又说,神叫人觉得需要什么,人就要一直求,直到得着完全的应允。

Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible,路 18:1。译自英文原著。

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that as afflictions and desolations were coming on the land, and they should have need of much patience and continual fortitude, and the constant influence and protection of the Almighty, therefore they should be instant in prayer

that men should never cease praying for that the necessity of which God has given them to feel, till they receive a full answer to their prayers

“常常祷告”是什么意思。 吉尔说,这不是说人要一直在密室里、一直在聚会中祷告,把生活里该尽的本分都丢下;意思是要坚持祷告,不要因为没有立刻得着回应,就停下来、灰心。

John Gill, Exposition of the Entire Bible,路 18:1。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

This is not to be understood, that a man should be always actually engaged in the work of prayer

but his meaning is, that a man should persevere in prayer, and not leave off, or be dejected, because he has not an immediate answer

一个什么样的官。 「不惧怕神,也不尊重世人」(2 节)。马亨利说,他既不管自己的良心,也不管自己的名声。克拉克说,因为他不惧怕神,就不理会公义的呼声;因为他不尊重人,寡妇来诉苦,他也不动心。

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V,路 18:1-8;Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible,路 18:2。译自英文原著。

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he had no manner of concern either for his conscience or for his reputation

Because this person feared not God, he paid no attention to the calls of justice; and because he respected not man, he was unmoved at the complaint of the widow.

一个寡妇。 律法吩咐「不可苦待寡妇和孤儿」(出 22:22),诗篇说神「作寡妇的伸冤者」(诗 68:5)。马亨利说,穷寡妇常有许多对头,趁她软弱无助,侵夺她的权利,把她仅有的一点骗去。她没有贿赂可送,也没有一个叫这官害怕的大人物替她说话。

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V,路 18:1-8。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

Poor widows have often many adversaries, who barbarously take advantage of their weak and helpless state to invade their rights, and defraud them of what little they have

for she had no bribe to give him, no great man whom he stood in any awe of to speak for her

马亨利又说,她在他门口求,在街上跟着他求,在公堂上求,口里总是那一句:「求你给我伸冤」(3 节)。

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V,路 18:1-8。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

she begged it at his door, followed him in the streets, solicited him in open court

“烦扰”。 5 节「只因这寡妇烦扰我」,上一课门里那人说「不要搅扰我」(路 11:7):Thayer 把这两节列在同一条,是同一个说法,叫人受累。

讲解

看见什么。 这个官自己说得明明白白:「我虽不惧怕神,也不尊重世人」(4 节)。他终于给寡妇伸冤,不是因为公道,也不是因为可怜她,是怕她「常来缠磨我」(5 节)。吉尔说,这个官的为人、他心里的盘算、他的动机,讲这个比喻的应用时都要放在一边,只用来加强“从小推到大”的论证。

John Gill, Exposition of the Entire Bible,路 18:5。译自英文原著。

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The character of this judge, his reasoning with himself upon it, his principles from which he acted, and the ends he had in view, are wholly to be left out in the accommodation of this parable; and no farther to be considered than as the argument from the lesser to the greater may be strengthened by them

如果我在场。 我是一个门徒,刚听耶稣说「你们巴不得看见人子的一个日子,却不得看见」(路 17:22)。等不到的日子里,我还会祷告吗?克拉克说,耶稣是要我们这样推想:连这样一个名声败坏的官,对一个他根本看不起的穷寡妇,都会被她不住的恳求打动;神无限良善、满有怜悯,用最温柔的爱爱他所造的人,岂不更乐意把他完全的救恩,赐给一切殷勤寻求的人?

Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible,路 18:6。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

If a person of such an infamous character as this judge was could yield to the pressing and continual solicitations of a poor widow, for whom he felt nothing but contempt, how much more ready must God be, who is infinitely good and merciful, and who loves his creatures in the tenderest manner, to give his utmost salvation to all them who diligently seek it!

神是怎样的神。 这个比喻不是说神像那个官,是说神和那个官正好相反。马亨利一口气列了九处不同,这里取四处,列成下表:

寡妇和那个官我们和神
是什么关系她是个外人,和那官毫无关系神的选民,是他认识、爱、喜悦的
他让不让人靠近那官叫她站远一点天父叫我们放胆到他面前,呼叫“阿爸,父”
什么时候能去只在某些时候见得着昼夜随时可以呼求
一直求的结果惹那官生气神喜悦正直人的祷告

马亨利的原话是:寡妇是个外人,和那官毫无关系,神祷告的百姓却是他自己的选民,是他认识、爱、喜悦的;她去见的官叫她站远一点,我们去见的却是父,他叫我们放胆到他面前,教我们呼叫“阿爸,父”;她只在某些时候见得着那官,我们却可以昼夜随时向神呼求;她一直求,会惹那官生气,我们一直求,神却喜悦,正直人的祷告是他所喜悦的。

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V,路 18:1-8。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

This widow was a stranger, nothing related to the judge; but God's praying people are his own elect, whom he knows, and loves, and delights in

She came to a judge that bade her keep her distance; we come to a Father that bids us come boldly to him, and teaches us to cry, Abba, Father.

She could have access to the judge only at some certain times; but we may cry to God day and night, at all hours

Her importunity was provoking to the judge, and she might fear lest it should set him more against her; but our importunity is pleasing to God; the prayer of the upright is his delight

上一课,门里的人起来,不是「因他是朋友」(路 11:8);这一课,官给寡妇伸冤,也不是因为他敬畏神。两个比喻,一个没有交情可靠,一个没有公义可靠,靠的都是不住地求。何况我们求的,是天父,是公义的神。

和我有什么关系。 马亨利说,我们为属灵的仇敌祷告,也要这样具体,像保罗那样:「为这事,我三次求过主,叫这刺离开我」(林后 12:8)。“主啊,治死我这个败坏;主啊,叫我能抵挡这个试探。”我们也要记挂受逼迫、受欺压的教会,求神为他们伸冤。

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V,路 18:1-8。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

We ought to be particular in praying against our spiritual enemies, as St. Paul was

Lord, mortify this corruption. Lord, arm me against this temptation. We ought to concern ourselves for the persecuted and oppressed churches, and to pray that God would do them justice, and set them in safety.

比喻最后,耶稣不是问“神会不会伸冤”,他已经说了「要快快地给他们伸冤了」(8 节);他问的是我们:「人子来的时候,遇得见世上有信德吗」(8 节)。马亨利说,耶稣寻找的头一件事,不是问“有没有清白”,而是问“有没有信心”。

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V,路 18:1-8。译自英文原著。

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It supposes that faith is the great thing that Jesus Christ looks for. He looks down upon the children of men, and does not ask, Is there innocency? but, Is there faith?

接到下一课。 紧接着,耶稣「向那些仗着自己是义人、藐视别人的,设一个比喻」(路 18:9),就是法利赛人与税吏。马亨利说,这两个比喻,一个教我们祷告要火热,一个教我们祷告要谦卑。

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V,路 18 章提要。译自英文原著。

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The parable of the importunate widow, designed to teach us fervency in prayer

The parable of the Pharisee and publican, designed to teach us humility

不同的看见

下面三位都是英国的解经家:马亨利(1662–1714)、吉尔(1697–1771)、克拉克(约 1760–1832)。各段都译自英文原著,出处附在后面。

经文自己说的(三家都照这个讲): 要常常祷告,不可灰心;神必给他的选民伸冤;神和那个不义的官不一样。下面两处,是读法不同的地方。

一、7 节「他纵然为他们忍了多时」:“忍”的是谁?

马亨利

两面都有:神对他百姓的仇敌忍耐,没有立刻向他们施行报应;神也操练他百姓的忍耐,没有立刻为他们申诉。

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V,路 18:1-8。译自英文原著。

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he exercises patience towards the adversaries of his people, and does not take vengeance on them; and he exercises the patience of his people, and does not plead for them

吉尔

或是指对选民的仇敌忍耐;“更可能”是指对选民本身忍耐,这句话可以译作“并且对他们恒久忍耐”:他迟延他的来到,要等到他的选民从世人中间都被招聚进来(彼后 3:9)。

John Gill, Exposition of the Entire Bible,路 18:7。译自英文原著。

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or rather with the elect, for the words may be rendered, "and is longsuffering towards them": delays his coming, and the execution of vengeance, as on the Jewish nation, so upon the whole world of the ungodly, till his elect are gathered in from among them; see 2 Peter 3:9.

克拉克

他照几部古抄本,把这一句读成“他怜悯他们”,说这样一来,神就完全不像那个不义的官:选民昼夜呼求,又有一位怜悯他们的神,所以必得救恩。

Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible,路 18:7。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

Rather, and He is compassionate towards Them, and consequently not at all like to the unrighteous judge.

they are sure of salvation, because they ask it from that God who is towards them a Father of eternal love and compassion

怎么看: 三家读法不同,落点却一样:神迟延,不是因为他不在意。彼得也说:「主所应许的尚未成就,有人以为他是耽延,其实不是耽延,乃是宽容你们」(彼后 3:9)。

二、8 节「人子来的时候,遇得见世上有信德吗」:说的是哪一次来?

这一处牵涉末世,读法不同。

马亨利

人子在各个时代的护理中来,为受屈的百姓申诉;到了那大日,他要最后一次来。他说这一问暗示,那时找得着的信心,比人所盼望的少,特别是相信他会来的信心。

Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V,路 18:1-8。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

he will come in his providence to plead the cause of his injured people in every age, and at the great day he will come finally to determine the controversies of Zion

In particular, he will find few that have faith concerning his coming.

吉尔

人子来,或是来毁灭耶路撒冷,或是来审判世界。到了末日,信的道理少了,信的恩典更少,在祷告里运用信心的更少。

John Gill, Exposition of the Entire Bible,路 18:8。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

either to destroy Jerusalem, or to judge the world

there will then be little of the doctrine of faith, and less of the grace of faith, and still less of the exercise of faith, particularly in prayer

克拉克

“信德”不如读成“忠信”:他问的是,在这地上找得着忠信吗?

Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible,路 18:8。译自英文原著。

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Or rather, Shall he find fidelity in this land?

怎么看: 三家都把这一问读成对听的人的提醒:等候的时候,要守住信心,继续祷告。人子怎样来、什么时候来,这一问,各教会的理解不尽相同,请向你所在的教会请教。

原文词眼

伸冤ἐκδικέω,ekdikeō

「我有一个对头,求你给我伸冤」(3 节)

这个比喻短短八节,“伸冤”出现了四次(3、5、7、8 节)。原文是 ἐκδικέω。Thayer 解作“为人伸张他的权利,为他主持公道”,钦定本译作 avenge;3 节这一处,是“保护一个人,不受另一个人侵害”。

Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament,G1556。译自英文原著。

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to vindicate one's right, do one justice (A. V. avenge)

to protect, defend, one person from another, Luke 18:3

所以寡妇求的,是公道,不是报复。克拉克说,这句话更好译作“为我主持公道,对付我的对头”;她若是来报仇的,主大概不会让她在圣经里有一席之地。马亨利说,她不是想报复对头,是要他把侵吞她的东西还回来,不能再欺压她。

Adam Clarke, Commentary on the Bible,路 18:3;Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V,路 18:1-8。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

had better be translated, Do me justice against, or vindicate me from, my adversary

If the woman had come to get revenge, as our common translation intimates, I think our blessed Lord would never have permitted her to have the honor of a place in the sacred records.

not that she desired to be revenged on him for any thing he had done against her, but that he might be obliged to restore what effects he had of hers in his hands, and might be disabled any more to oppress her

吉尔说,神的百姓求神伸冤,不是为了满足报复的心;并且总要顺服神的旨意,把时候和方法交给他。

John Gill, Exposition of the Entire Bible,路 18:3。译自英文原著。

看英文原文

they should ask it, not to gratify a revengeful spirit in them

this should be always with submission to the will of God, leaving it to his own time and way

「免得她常来缠磨我」(5 节)。“缠磨”原文是 ὑπωπιάζω。Thayer 说,它本义是“打得青一块紫一块”,保罗说「我是攻克己身」(林前 9:27)用的就是这个词;在这里是比喻的说法,叫人烦得受不了,“把人磨垮”。

Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament,G5299。译自英文原著。

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properly, to beat black and blue, to smite so as to cause bruises and livid spots

to give one intolerable annoyance (`beat one out', 'wear one out'), by entreaties

请思考

没有标准答案,不打分。写下来,只给自己看。

  1. 「常常祷告,不可灰心」(1 节)。你有没有一件事,求着求着就灰心了?是在什么时候停下来的?
  2. 寡妇没有钱、没有靠山,只有一句话。你祷告的时候,有没有觉得自己“什么都没有”?
  3. 读讲解里那张对照表,哪一行最打动你?
  4. 「人子来的时候,遇得见世上有信德吗」(8 节)。如果这一问是问你的,你会怎样回答?

这周去做

那个寡妇只有一句话:「求你给我伸冤」(3 节)。

这一周,选一件你曾经为它祷告、后来不再祷告的事,把它写成一句话。每天把这一句带到神面前,连续七天。也为一个正在受欺压、受冤屈的人或教会,每天求一句。到周末,写下来:这七天,你心里有什么变化?

延伸参考

  • Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. V:路 18:1-8(英文原著,公有领域,CCEL 可免费读全文)
  • 莫理斯(Leon Morris)著,丁道尔新约注释《路加福音》,校园书房出版社(ISBN 9789575874971):路 18:1-8
带小组一起读这一课? 小组带领指南:破冰 → 观察 → 解释 → 应用 → 祷告,约 55 分钟,可打印一页 A4 →

本单元其它比喻单元七 · 神与祷告

经文:和合本(1919),用字按本站规则现代化。“不同的看见”里的注释都译自英文原著(公有领域),每段可展开看英文原文。